NIH research could lead to new treatment strategies for stomach cancer Glucocorticoids and androgens promote a healthy stomach kamagra oral jelly sale pit by inhibiting inflammation, left, while their absence promotes inflammation and SPEM seen in a diseased kamagra 100mg oral jelly side effects pit, right. SPEM glands are also much larger than healthy stomach glands. (Photo courtesy of Jonathan Busada, Ph.D./NIEHS) Scientists at the National Institutes of Health determined that stomach inflammation is regulated differently kamagra oral jelly sale in male and female mice after finding that androgens, or male sex hormones, play a critical role in preventing inflammation in the stomach. The finding suggests that physicians could consider treating male patients with stomach inflammation differently than female patients with the same condition.

The study was published in Gastroenterology.Researchers at NIH’s National Institute kamagra oral jelly sale of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) made the discovery after removing adrenal glands from mice of both sexes. Adrenal glands produce glucocorticoids, hormones that have several functions, one of them being suppressing inflammation. With no kamagra oral jelly sale glucocorticoids, the female mice soon developed stomach inflammation. The males did not.

However, after removing androgens from the males, they exhibited the same stomach inflammation seen in the females."The kamagra oral jelly sale fact that androgens are regulating inflammation is a novel idea," said co-corresponding author John Cidlowski, Ph.D., deputy chief of the NIEHS Laboratory of Signal Transduction and head of the Molecular Endocrinology Group. "Along with glucocorticoids, androgens offer a new way to control immune function in humans."While this study provides insight into how inflammation is being regulated in males, Cidlowski said additional research is underway to understand the process in females. The scientist handling this phase of research is co-corresponding author Jonathan Busada, Ph.D., assistant kamagra oral jelly sale professor at West Virginia University School of Medicine in Morgantown. When Busada started the project several years ago, he was a postdoctoral fellow working in Cidlowski’s group.Whether inflammation is inside the stomach or elsewhere in the body, Busada said rates of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases vary depending on sex.

He said eight out of 10 individuals with autoimmune disease are women, and his long-term goal is kamagra oral jelly sale to figure out how glucocorticoids and androgens affect stomach cancer, which is induced by chronic inflammation.The current research focused on stomach glands called pits, which are embedded in the lining of the stomach.Busada said the study showed that glucocorticoids and androgens act like brake pedals on the immune system and are essential for regulating stomach inflammation. In his analogy, glucocorticoids are the primary brakes and androgens are the emergency brakes."Females only have one layer of protection, so if you remove glucocorticoids, they develop stomach inflammation and a pre-cancerous condition in the stomach called spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM)," Busada said. "Males have redundancy built in, so if something cuts the glucocorticoid brake line, it is okay, because the androgens can pick up the slack."The research also offered a possible mechanism — kamagra oral jelly sale or biological process — behind this phenomenon. In healthy stomach glands, the presence of glucocorticoids and androgens inhibit special immune cells called type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s).

But in diseased stomach glands, the hormones are kamagra oral jelly sale missing. As a result, ILC2s may act like a fire alarm, directing other immune cells called macrophages to promote inflammation and damage gastric glands leading to SPEM and ultimately cancer."ILC2s are the only immune cells that contain androgen receptors and could be a potential therapeutic target," Cidlowski said.This press release describes a basic research finding. Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, kamagra oral jelly sale and treat disease. Science is an unpredictable and incremental process — each research advance builds on past discoveries, often in unexpected ways.

Most clinical advances would not be possible kamagra oral jelly sale without the knowledge of fundamental basic research. To learn more about basic research, visit Basic Research – Digital Media Kit.Grant Numbers:ZIAES090057Fi2GM123974P20GM103434P20GM121322U54GM104942P30GM103488 Reference. Busada JT, Peterson KN, Khadka S, kamagra oral jelly sale Xu, X, Oakley RH, Cook DN, Cidlowski JA. 2021.

Glucocorticoids and androgens protect from gastric metaplasia by suppressing group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation. Gastroenterology. Doi. 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.075 [Online 7 May 2021].CORVALLIS, Ore.

€“ A team of Oregon State University scientists has discovered a new class of anti-cancer compounds that effectively kill liver and breast cancer cells. The findings, recently published in the journal Apoptosis, describe the discovery and characterization of compounds, designated as Select Modulators of AhR-regulated Transcription (SMAhRTs). Edmond Francis O’Donnell III and a team of OSU researchers conducted the research in the laboratory of Siva Kolluri, a professor of cancer research at Oregon State. They also identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a new molecular target for development of cancer therapeutics.

€œOur research identified a therapeutic lead that acts through a new molecular target for treatment of certain cancers,” Kolluri said. O’Donnell added. €œThis is an exciting development which lays a foundation for a new class of anti-cancer therapeutics acting through the AhR.” The researchers employed two molecular screening techniques to discover potential SMAhRTs and identified a molecule – known as CGS-15943 – that activates AhR signaling and kills liver and breast cancer cells. Specifically, they studied cells from human hepatocellular carcinoma, a common type of liver cancer, and cells from triple negative breast cancer, which account for about 15% of breast cancers with the worst prognosis.

€œWe focused on these two types of cancers because they are difficult to treat and have limited treatment options,” said Kolluri, a professor in the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology in the College of Agricultural Sciences. €œWe were encouraged by the results because they are unrelated cancers and targeting the AhR was effective in inducing death of both of these distinct cancers.” The researchers also identified the AhR-mediated pathways that contribute to the anti-cancer actions of CGS-15943. Developing cancer treatments requires a detailed understanding of how they act to induce anti-cancer effects. The researchers determined that CGS-15943 increases the expression of a protein called Fas Ligand through the AhR and causes cancer cell death.

These results provide exciting new leads for drug development, but human therapies based on these results may not be available to patients for 10 years, the researchers said. An editorial commemorating the 25th anniversary issue of the journal Apoptosis highlighted this discovery and the detailed investigation of cancer cell death promoted by CGS-15943. In addition to Kolluri and O’Donnell, who recently completed medical school and is an orthopaedic surgery resident at UC Davis Medical Center, other authors of the paper are. Hyo Sang Jang and Nancy Kerkvliet, both from Oregon State.

And Daniel Liefwalker, who formerly worked in Kolluri’s lab and is now at Oregon Health and Science University. Kolluri is also part of Oregon State’s Linus Pauling Institute and The Pacific Northwest Center for Translational Environmental Health Research. Funding for the research came from the American Cancer Society, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program, Oregon State University and the National Cancer Institute..

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€‹15 full-time equivalent specialist counsellors will be deployed across rural NSW to help prevent suicide, with the first two counsellors starting in the Eurobodalla and Snowy Mountains regions.NSW Mental Health Minister Bronnie Taylor said the relatively high rates of suicide in rural areas are devastating families and communities, and the $6.75 million investment will add another layer of help.“Many factors can contribute to suicide, from domestic violence, to relationship issues kamagra gold 50mg or unemployment, to stress and hardship,” Mrs Taylor said. €œThese specialist mental health counsellors are there on the ground to support people thinking of suicide or impacted by suicide, and I encourage communities across the state to lean on them for support.”Director Mental Health Drug and Alcohol for Southern NSW Local Health District Damien Eggleton said he wants more people to ask for help when they need it. €œOur rural communities have proven beyond a doubt they’re resilient and fearless when faced with adversity, whether that be geographic isolation, kamagra gold 50mg searing drought or the impact of the current kamagra – but they don’t need to go it alone,” Mr Eggleton said. €œThe support provided by these counsellors will complement the peer work and drought support provided by our Farm Gate Counsellors and Drought Counsellors.”Rural counsellor Samara Byrne said she wants young people to know there are people you can turn to when feeling overwhelmed with life or feeling like a burden on others. €œWe are here for you and here to listen if you are feeling kamagra gold 50mg distressed, anxious or a burden to loved ones.

The service is easily accessible through the Mental Health Line. Just ask for the Rural Counsellor.”“Having moved from Sydney in 2016 to our beautiful farm kamagra gold 50mg in SNSW, I am so pleased to be able to do what I am most passionate about, supporting people’s wellbeing in Rural Australia and building on the natural local community resilience”.Minister Taylor urges people in the bush to get help by contacting these rural counsellors. €œSupport is available, all you need to do is pick up the phone and make an appointment by calling the NSW Mental Health Line on 1800 011 511.”The 15 rural counselling positions are part of the Towards Zero Suicides. A $87 million investment over three years kamagra gold 50mg in new suicide prevention initiatives. A NSW Premier’s Priority, this is a whole-of-government commitment to transforming the way we identify and support anyone impacted by suicide.If you, or someone you know, is thinking about suicide or experiencing a personal crisis or distress, please seek help immediately in a life-threatening situation by calling 000 or seek support though one of these services:Lifeline 13 11 14Suicide Call Back Service 1300 659 467NSW Mental Health Line 1800 011 511Minister for Mental Health Bronnie Taylor and Minister for Police and Emergency Services David Elliott today announced the expansion of the Police Ambulance and Clinical Early Response (PACER) pilot program.“This ground breaking collaboration embeds mental health experts with first responders to support them to appropriately recognise, assess, and respond to mental health emergencies live at the scene,” Mrs Taylor said.

€œThe pilot program has had incredible results with significant reductions in kamagra gold 50mg emergency department presentations, police and ambulance time on scene. €œThis approach has enormous potential to change lives, with the community getting more appropriate care at the time when they need it most.” Mr Elliott welcomed the support for the police officers who are deeply committed to serving and protecting the people of NSW “During the pilot program, police time-on-scene was reduced by an average of 45 minutes, not only supporting first responders to appropriately recognise and respond to psychiatric incidents in the community, but also freeing up officers to serve thecommunity in other areas,” Mr Elliott said. €œThe presence and availability of a PACER clinician in a police station increases the knowledge and understanding of mental health issues amongst officers This initiative is crucial, now more than ever, following the devastating ‘Black Summer’ bushfires and the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra, which have affected us all.” NSW Police Force Deputy Commissioner, Malcolm Lanyon APM, said the kamagra gold 50mg PACER model has been a success at the trial site in St George Police Area Command. €œDuring the trial we saw a significant reduction in time taken for police to respond to these matters. It translated to a better outcome for both our officers and the individuals kamagra gold 50mg in need of assistance,” Mr Lanyon said.

The PACER program will expand to Campbelltown, Nepean, Northern Beaches, Sutherland Shire, Blacktown, Eastern Beaches, Kuring-gai, Metro Combined consisting of Kings Cross/Surry Hills/City of Sydney, South Sydney and Bankstown Police Area Commands with recruitment underway for the specialist mental health clinicians from July 2020. This investment is part of the $73 million suite of mental health kamagra gold 50mg measures recently announced by the NSW Government. This includes 216 new mental health staff, additional funding for the NSW Mental Health Line, extra support for Telehealth, funding for extra therapeutic programs to aid recovery in mental health units and a $6 million investment in Lifeline to expand their invaluable service..

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The service is easily accessible through the Mental Health Line. Just ask for the Rural Counsellor.”“Having moved from Sydney in 2016 to our beautiful farm in SNSW, I am so pleased to be able to do what I kamagra oral jelly sale am most passionate about, supporting people’s wellbeing in Rural Australia and building on the natural local community resilience”.Minister Taylor urges people in the bush to get help by contacting these rural counsellors. €œSupport is available, all you need to do is pick up the phone and make an appointment by calling the NSW Mental Health Line on 1800 011 511.”The 15 rural counselling positions are part of the Towards Zero Suicides. A $87 million investment over three years kamagra oral jelly sale in new suicide prevention initiatives. A NSW Premier’s Priority, this is a whole-of-government commitment to transforming the way we identify and support anyone impacted by suicide.If you, or someone you know, is thinking about suicide or experiencing a personal crisis or distress, please seek help immediately in a life-threatening situation by calling 000 or seek support though one of these services:Lifeline 13 11 14Suicide Call Back Service 1300 659 467NSW Mental Health Line 1800 011 511Minister for Mental Health Bronnie Taylor and Minister for Police and Emergency Services David Elliott today announced the expansion of the Police Ambulance and Clinical Early Response (PACER) pilot program.“This ground breaking collaboration embeds mental health experts with first responders to support them to appropriately recognise, assess, and respond to mental linked here health emergencies live at the scene,” Mrs Taylor said.

€œThe pilot program has had incredible results with significant reductions in emergency department presentations, police and ambulance time on kamagra oral jelly sale scene. €œThis approach has enormous potential to change lives, with the community getting more appropriate care at the time when they need it most.” Mr Elliott welcomed the support for the police officers who are deeply committed to serving and protecting the people of NSW “During the pilot program, police time-on-scene was reduced by an average of 45 minutes, not only supporting first responders to appropriately recognise and respond to psychiatric incidents in the community, but also freeing up officers to serve thecommunity in other areas,” Mr Elliott said. €œThe presence and availability of a PACER clinician in a police station increases the knowledge and understanding of mental health issues amongst officers This initiative is crucial, now more than ever, following the devastating ‘Black Summer’ bushfires and the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra, which have affected us all.” NSW Police Force Deputy Commissioner, Malcolm Lanyon kamagra oral jelly sale APM, said the PACER model has been a success at the trial site in St George Police Area Command. €œDuring the trial we saw a significant reduction in time taken for police to respond to these matters. It translated to a better outcome for both our officers and the individuals in kamagra oral jelly sale need of assistance,” Mr Lanyon said.

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The United Nations is poised to release the most confident and comprehensive assessment yet of global warming, including detailed estimates of how continued greenhouse-gas buy kamagra oral jelly online australia emissions will increase Earth’s anonymous sea levels and drive extreme weather in the coming years. Compiled by more than 200 scientists and approved by government representatives from 195 countries, the report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will leave little doubt that humans are altering the way the planet functions — and that things will get much worse if governments do not take drastic action, say climate researchers interviewed by Nature. Many hope that the report, which covers the latest advances in climate science, will galvanize action at buy kamagra oral jelly online australia the UN climate summit in Glasgow, UK, this November, where world leaders will make fresh commitments to curbing greenhouse-gas emissions. Scientists say that on the basis of current policies, governments will fail to meet the goals they set in the 2015 Paris climate accord to limit global warming to 1.5–2 °C above pre-industrial levels.

€œThis report will make it absolutely clear what is the state of the science, and throw the ball back in the camp of the governments for action,” says Corinne Le Quéré, a climate scientist at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK. It is buy kamagra oral jelly online australia the first in a trio of reports that will comprise the IPCC’s sixth major climate assessment since 1990. A second report, on climate impacts and adaptation, and a third, on mitigation efforts, will follow next year. In anticipation of the buy kamagra oral jelly online australia first report’s release next week, Nature previews what researchers say are some of the most significant advances in climate science conducted since the last IPCC assessment eight years ago.

High confidence, hot models After several decades of research, climate scientists have no doubt that greenhouse-gas emissions cause global temperatures to rise. Concentrations of these gases have risen by around 50% since pre-industrial times, and the planet has warmed by more than 1 °C (see ‘Warmer worlds’). By some estimates, the world is on buy kamagra oral jelly online australia track for nearly 3 °C of warming unless governments do more to curb these emissions. Researchers have grown more confident in such projections as climate science has advanced — a point that the IPCC report will emphasize.

One way in which scientists have assessed their climate projections is through a metric known as climate sensitivity. This is a measure of the projected long-term warming that would occur if the planet’s atmospheric carbon buy kamagra oral jelly online australia dioxide (CO2) levels doubled compared with pre-industrial levels. Despite advances in understanding and computing power, estimates of climate sensitivity have been stuck at around 1.5–4.5 °C since the 1970s. Recent efforts to narrow that range have significantly boosted buy kamagra oral jelly online australia scientists’ trust in projections of how quickly the world might warm in the coming decades.

In a study published in July 2020, for instance, a team of researchers challenged climate models with multiple lines of evidence, including contemporary climate records and evidence from ancient climates. They determined a likely climate sensitivity of 2.6–3.9 °C. €œIt sounds a little esoteric, but it would actually be a pretty big deal if the IPCC narrows the range of buy kamagra oral jelly online australia climate sensitivity,” says Zeke Hausfather, a co-author of the study and a climate scientist at the Breakthrough Institute in Oakland, California. Narrowing the range would help to constrain models and improve future projections.

But Hausfather is quick to note that many of the latest climate models — including those from large modelling centres in the United States and the United Kingdom — are projecting warming that is well buy kamagra oral jelly online australia above even the previous climate sensitivity estimates. About one-third of the roughly 40 models that have run climate-sensitivity tests predict more than 4.5 °C of warming if CO2 levels double, puzzling scientists who consider such extreme levels of warming to be implausible given other lines of evidence. Scientists are still working out precisely why the models are running hot, but some research suggests that part of the answer could be the use of sophisticated new representations of cloud microphysics and tiny particles in the atmosphere called aerosols. For example, earlier models featured unrealistic clouds consisting of too much ice, which would turn to water as buy kamagra oral jelly online australia the globe warmed.

This produced a cooling effect because water-based clouds reflect more solar energy back into space. The latest models start out with more-realistic clouds that have more water, which reduces the cooling effect over time. But that’s buy kamagra oral jelly online australia just one piece of a larger equation that climate scientists are still working out, says Gavin Schmidt, who heads the modelling team at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City. Some models that run hot might need to be weighted less when calculating metrics such as climate sensitivity, says Schmidt.

But they could still provide useful predictions for climate variables such as precipitation buy kamagra oral jelly online australia patterns, he adds. As it interprets the latest climate projections, the IPCC should recognize that scientists are only beginning to delve into these questions, says Schmidt. Rising tides The world got a sneak preview of how Earth’s sea levels might rise when the IPCC released a special report in 2019. The science that it presented, which will undoubtedly be included in next week’s buy kamagra oral jelly online australia release, experts say, pointed to average global sea levels rising by between 0.3 metres and 1.1 metres by 2100, depending on greenhouse-gas emissions.

That is only slightly higher than previous projections, but the report also cited recent studies analysing the opinions of experts in the field, who declared that a 2-metre rise cannot be ruled out. Such an extreme change could displace buy kamagra oral jelly online australia tens of millions of people from their homes in low-lying regions. Pinning down sea-level rise is difficult because it depends on complex questions about whether ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica will collapse — and, if so, how fast. Scientists have made notable progress, however, in understanding how rising tides could affect communities on a local and regional, rather than just a global, scale since the last major IPCC climate assessment in 2013.

This is important because different cities, countries and regions will experience sea-level rise in very different ways, says Michael Oppenheimer, a climate scientist at Princeton University in New Jersey who was an author buy kamagra oral jelly online australia of the special IPCC report. For instance, the ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica are so large that they exert a gravitational effect that causes the oceans to swell around them. When some of the ice melts, the local swelling subsides and the water redistributes elsewhere, such as to the northeastern United States — leading to rising sea levels there. €œIt’s the first time the buy kamagra oral jelly online australia IPCC has done a comprehensive analysis of all of these local and regional effects,” Oppenheimer says.

The information is important, he says, because even seemingly small increases in local sea levels can have significant impacts — particularly on flooding during storms. In many areas around the world, Oppenheimer buy kamagra oral jelly online australia adds, once-in-a-century floods will become annual events by the end of the century, even under the most optimistic climate scenarios. The attribution of extremes Next week’s IPCC report comes on the heels of epic flooding in Germany, in July, and a June heatwave that baked the US Pacific Northwest and western Canada, where the town of Lytton recorded a record temperature of 49.6 °C before a wildfire nearly razed it to the ground. Shortly afterwards, climate scientists assessed the heatwave and concluded that global warming was almost certainly a driver, and had increased the likelihood of such an event by a factor of 150 since the end of the nineteenth century.

As little as a decade ago, scientists tended to demur when asked about the link between global warming and any single extreme climate event, except buy kamagra oral jelly online australia to say that we should expect more of them as the climate warms. But the science of climate attribution has advanced considerably in recent years, says Sonia Seneviratne, a climate scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. So, even though the recent heatwave analysis won’t be included in the new IPCC report because it wasn’t published in time, a substantial body of research on extreme weather exists for the IPCC to assess, buy kamagra oral jelly online australia says Seneviratne. Two things have happened to drive this change.

The first is that climate scientists have developed improved models and statistical methods for determining the likelihood that any given climate event could occur, either with or without human-induced climate change. But just as important, Seneviratne says, climate change itself is advancing, and recent studies show that increasingly extreme weather events are buy kamagra oral jelly online australia now emerging above the noise of natural variability. Or, in the words of Le Quéré, we can now see the impacts of global warming “with our own eyes”. This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on August 5 2021..

The United Nations is poised to release the Buy levitra over the counter most confident and comprehensive assessment yet of global warming, including detailed estimates of how continued greenhouse-gas emissions will increase Earth’s sea levels and kamagra oral jelly sale drive extreme weather in the coming years. Compiled by more than 200 scientists and approved by government representatives from 195 countries, the report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will leave little doubt that humans are altering the way the planet functions — and that things will get much worse if governments do not take drastic action, say climate researchers interviewed by Nature. Many hope that the report, which covers the latest advances in climate science, will galvanize action at the UN climate summit in Glasgow, UK, this November, where kamagra oral jelly sale world leaders will make fresh commitments to curbing greenhouse-gas emissions. Scientists say that on the basis of current policies, governments will fail to meet the goals they set in the 2015 Paris climate accord to limit global warming to 1.5–2 °C above pre-industrial levels. €œThis report will make it absolutely clear what is the state of the science, and throw the ball back in the camp of the governments for action,” says Corinne Le Quéré, a climate scientist at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK.

It is the first in a trio of reports kamagra oral jelly sale that will comprise the IPCC’s sixth major climate assessment since 1990. A second report, on climate impacts and adaptation, and a third, on mitigation efforts, will follow next year. In anticipation of the first report’s release next week, Nature previews what researchers say are some of the most significant advances in climate science conducted since the last IPCC kamagra oral jelly sale assessment eight years ago. High confidence, hot models After several decades of research, climate scientists have no doubt that greenhouse-gas emissions cause global temperatures to rise. Concentrations of these gases have risen by around 50% since pre-industrial times, and the planet has warmed by more than 1 °C (see ‘Warmer worlds’).

By some estimates, the world is on track for nearly 3 °C of warming unless governments kamagra oral jelly sale do more to curb these emissions. Researchers have grown more confident in such projections as climate science has advanced — a point that the IPCC report will emphasize. One way in which scientists have assessed their climate projections is through a metric known as climate sensitivity. This is a measure of the projected long-term warming that would occur if the planet’s atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels kamagra oral jelly sale doubled compared with pre-industrial levels. Despite advances in understanding and computing power, estimates of climate sensitivity have been stuck at around 1.5–4.5 °C since the 1970s.

Recent efforts to narrow that range have significantly boosted scientists’ trust in projections of how kamagra oral jelly sale quickly the world might warm in the coming decades. In a study published in July 2020, for instance, a team of researchers challenged climate models with multiple lines of evidence, including contemporary climate records and evidence from ancient climates. They determined a likely climate sensitivity of 2.6–3.9 °C. €œIt sounds a little esoteric, but it would actually be a pretty big deal if the IPCC narrows the range of climate sensitivity,” says Zeke Hausfather, a co-author of the study and a climate scientist at the kamagra oral jelly sale Breakthrough Institute in Oakland, California. Narrowing the range would help to constrain models and improve future projections.

But Hausfather is quick to note that many of the latest climate models — including those from large modelling centres kamagra oral jelly sale in the United States and the United Kingdom — are projecting warming that is well above even the previous climate sensitivity estimates. About one-third of the roughly 40 models that have run climate-sensitivity tests predict more than 4.5 °C of warming if CO2 levels double, puzzling scientists who consider such extreme levels of warming to be implausible given other lines of evidence. Scientists are still working out precisely why the models are running hot, but some research suggests that part of the answer could be the use of sophisticated new representations of cloud microphysics and tiny particles in the atmosphere called aerosols. For example, earlier kamagra oral jelly sale models featured unrealistic clouds consisting of too much ice, which would turn to water as the globe warmed. This produced a cooling effect because water-based clouds reflect more solar energy back into space.

The latest models start out with more-realistic clouds that have more water, which reduces the cooling effect over time. But that’s just one piece of a larger equation that climate scientists are still working out, says Gavin Schmidt, who heads the modelling team kamagra oral jelly sale at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City. Some models that run hot might need to be weighted less when calculating metrics such as climate sensitivity, says Schmidt. But they kamagra oral jelly sale could still provide useful predictions for climate variables such as precipitation patterns, he adds. As it interprets the latest climate projections, the IPCC should recognize that scientists are only beginning to delve into these questions, says Schmidt.

Rising tides The world got a sneak preview of how Earth’s sea levels might rise when the IPCC released a special report in 2019. The science that it presented, which will undoubtedly be included in next week’s release, experts say, pointed to average global sea levels rising by between 0.3 metres and 1.1 metres by 2100, depending on greenhouse-gas emissions kamagra oral jelly sale. That is only slightly higher than previous projections, but the report also cited recent studies analysing the opinions of experts in the field, who declared that a 2-metre rise cannot be ruled out. Such an extreme change could kamagra oral jelly sale displace tens of millions of people from their homes in low-lying regions. Pinning down sea-level rise is difficult because it depends on complex questions about whether ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica will collapse — and, if so, how fast.

Scientists have made notable progress, however, in understanding how rising tides could affect communities on a local and regional, rather than just a global, scale since the last major IPCC climate assessment in 2013. This is important because different cities, countries and regions will experience sea-level rise in very different ways, says Michael Oppenheimer, a climate kamagra oral jelly sale scientist at Princeton University in New Jersey who was an author of the special IPCC report. For instance, the ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica are so large that they exert a gravitational effect that causes the oceans to swell around them. When some of the ice melts, the local swelling subsides and the water redistributes elsewhere, such as to the northeastern United States — leading to rising sea levels there. €œIt’s the first time the IPCC kamagra oral jelly sale has done a comprehensive analysis of all of these local and regional effects,” Oppenheimer says.

The information is important, he says, because even seemingly small increases in local sea levels can have significant impacts — particularly on flooding during storms. In many areas around the world, Oppenheimer adds, once-in-a-century floods will become annual kamagra oral jelly sale events by the end of the century, even under the most optimistic climate scenarios. The attribution of extremes Next week’s IPCC report comes on the heels of epic flooding in Germany, in July, and a June heatwave that baked the US Pacific Northwest and western Canada, where the town of Lytton recorded a record temperature of 49.6 °C before a wildfire nearly razed it to the ground. Shortly afterwards, climate scientists assessed the heatwave and concluded that global warming was almost certainly a driver, and had increased the likelihood of such an event by a factor of 150 since the end of the nineteenth century. As little as a decade ago, scientists tended to demur when asked about the link between global warming and any single extreme climate event, except to say that we should expect kamagra oral jelly sale more of them as the climate warms.

But the science of climate attribution has advanced considerably in recent years, says Sonia Seneviratne, a climate scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. So, even though the recent heatwave analysis won’t be included in the new IPCC report because it wasn’t published in time, a substantial body of research on extreme weather exists for the kamagra oral jelly sale IPCC to assess, says Seneviratne. Two things have happened to drive this change. The first is that climate scientists have developed improved models and statistical methods for determining the likelihood that any given climate event could occur, either with or without human-induced climate change. But just as important, Seneviratne says, climate change itself is advancing, and recent studies show that increasingly extreme weather events are now emerging above the noise of natural variability kamagra oral jelly sale.

Or, in the words of Le Quéré, we can now see the impacts of global warming “with our own eyes”. This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on August 5 2021..

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Subsequently, I ended up in foster care for most of my childhood and, because of the need for accessibility in my foster placements, I moved around a lot. It was hard to find a family for me with an accessible home, so I was often put in a state hospital or group home. As a result, I felt an overwhelming cialis vs kamagra sense of not belonging.

Growing up I never saw anybody with a disability employed, let alone anyone with my skin color. I conformed to feel like I belonged, which confused any sense of identity that I would later develop. To me, cialis vs kamagra conforming also offered an opportunity to disappear.

At around age 17, I realized that I was gay and I grappled with that reality, too. After all, I had already faced discrimination cialis vs kamagra and rejection as a child based on my disability and heritage. I struggled to reconcile all the identities that set me apart.

It wasn’t until my early 20s that I realized I was unique – and that I could use my identities as strengths – to improve opportunities for myself and open doors for others. I started my cialis vs kamagra career working as an advocate and benefits counselor for people with disabilities. This eventually led me to my job at ODEP, where today I work on a number of initiatives supporting the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, designed, in part, to advance equity for people with disabilities through employment and economic empowerment.

I feel my life experiences bring a special sense of understanding to my work. I take pride in helping others with disabilities, whatever their identities, avoid the systemic poverty and isolation cialis vs kamagra I experienced. For example, I help create policies and resources that promote competitive, integrated employment for people with disabilities, as well as develop and share resources to assist people with disabilities as they strive to achieve financial stability.

Indeed, my work is a major contributor to my strong sense of belonging and pride, and now I have a deep gratitude for all of my diverse identities. They’ve empowered me cialis vs kamagra to leverage my intersectionality, bring my whole self to work, and pave the way for other unique individuals like myself to thrive – with pride – as members of our nation’s workforce and communities. Andy Arias is a policy advisor in the department’s Office of Disability Employment buy cheap kamagra next day delivery Policy.Bob Simonovich was in the Army for 14 years.

Transitioning out cialis vs kamagra of the military and finding a civilian job was difficult, especially with a traumatic brain injury and PTSD. An employment specialist with the VA Medical Center in Cleveland met with Bob to go through a process called “discovery” that helped him look at his job search differently. Based on his strengths, interests and talents, the discovery process led Bob to work that he is passionate about.

€œI discovered that I’m capable of doing a job that I’ve dreamed of all my life.” For Bob, that job is an official scorer for the Akron RubberDucks minor league cialis vs kamagra baseball team. [embedded content] This process of discovery, which matches people’s skills, interests and talents with employers’ needs, results in employment that is “customized” for both the jobseeker and the employer, creating a “win-win” relationship. Known as customized employment, thousands of people with disabilities have benefitted from it in the past 22 years following the Supreme Court’s decision in Olmstead v.

L.C. This landmark case affirmed the rights of people with disabilities to live and receive services in their communities in the most integrated settings possible. This includes employment services since working is a key part of community life.

Two years later came another major milestone – the establishment of the Office of Disability Employment Policy. Since day one, ODEP has worked to advance the spirit of Olmstead through our work on customized employment, grounded in the belief that everyone can bring value and contribute to an organization through employment. Early on, we implemented multiple rounds of Customized Employment Grants to help states and the workforce development system use this strategy to assist job seekers with disabilities.

We also implemented Workforce Action Grants, also known as Olmstead employment grants, to enable people transitioning out of nursing homes and institutions to seek community-based employment. Based on lessons learned, we then worked with national leaders in the disability employment field to develop numerous resources, including profiles of customized employment in action and a competency model describing the skills needed to provide it effectively. At the heart of customized employment is discovery, an individualized assessment process which helps identify specific skills that an individual can offer employers.

To this end, we also developed multiple resources on discovery targeted to different audiences, including youth, adults, veterans and even a self-guided manual, so that some people can take themselves through the process. In 2014, the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act affirmed the importance of customized employment by defining it, for the first time, in federal law. That year, we also developed three videos on customized employment to help others understand its benefits.

Since then, we have collaborated with the Rehabilitation Services Administration to develop their fact sheet, “The Essential Elements of Customized Employment,” which explains how to provide customized employment through the vocational rehabilitation system. And recently we partnered with the Veterans Health Administration to implement targeted trainings for their job development staff, and developed a brief and videos about customized employment (see the first three resources listed on the linked webpage) as a strategy for assisting veterans with disabilities like Bob. At ODEP, we’re proud to have played a role in advancing customized employment as a strategy to help people, like Bob and so many others, find fulfilling jobs.

We also look forward to working with our many partners – including multiple federal agencies whose systems now support this evidence-based policy – over the next 20 years and beyond to further open the door to community life by making sure that customized employment is a tool in the toolbox of employment strategies. Rose Warner is a senior policy advisor in the department’s Office of Disability Employment Policy..

Last month, I kamagra oral jelly sale celebrated my fifth year as a policy advisor in the U.S. Department of Labor’s Office of Disability Employment Policy. To other people, that might not sound remarkable, but it kamagra oral jelly sale was a huge milestone for me. I identify as he/him Latin X, a person with a disability and part of the LGBTQI+ community.

I was born prematurely, at five months, as a first-generation American. My parents didn’t know how to care for a disabled kamagra oral jelly sale child. Subsequently, I ended up in foster care for most of my childhood and, because of the need for accessibility in my foster placements, I moved around a lot. It was hard to find a family for me with an accessible home, so I was often put in a state hospital or group home.

As a result, I felt an overwhelming kamagra oral jelly sale sense of not belonging. Growing up I never saw anybody with a disability employed, let alone anyone with my skin color. I conformed to feel like I belonged, which confused any sense of identity that I would later develop. To me, conforming also offered an kamagra oral jelly sale opportunity to disappear.

At around age 17, I realized that I was gay and I grappled with that reality, too. After all, I had already faced discrimination and rejection as kamagra oral jelly sale a child based on my disability and heritage. I struggled to reconcile all the identities that set me apart. It wasn’t until my early 20s that I realized I was unique – and that I could use my identities as strengths – to improve opportunities for myself and open doors for others.

I started my career working as an advocate and kamagra oral jelly sale benefits counselor for people with disabilities. This eventually led me to my job at ODEP, where today I work on a number of initiatives supporting the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, designed, in part, to advance equity for people with disabilities through employment and economic empowerment. I feel my life experiences bring a special sense of understanding to my work. I take pride in kamagra oral jelly sale helping others with disabilities, whatever their identities, avoid the systemic poverty and isolation I experienced.

For example, I help create policies and resources that promote competitive, integrated employment for people with disabilities, as well as develop and share resources to assist people with disabilities as they strive to achieve financial stability. Indeed, my work is a major contributor to my strong sense of belonging and pride, and now I have a deep gratitude for all of my diverse identities. They’ve empowered me to leverage my kamagra oral jelly sale intersectionality, bring my whole self to work, and pave the way for other unique individuals like myself to thrive – with pride – as members of our nation’s workforce and communities. Andy Arias is a policy advisor in the department’s Office of Disability Employment Policy.Bob Simonovich was in the Army for 14 years.

Transitioning out of the military and finding a civilian job was difficult, especially with a traumatic kamagra oral jelly sale brain injury and PTSD. An employment specialist with the VA Medical Center in Cleveland met with Bob to go through a process called “discovery” that helped him look at his job search differently. Based on his strengths, interests and talents, the discovery process led Bob to work that he is passionate about. €œI discovered kamagra oral jelly sale that I’m capable of doing a job that I’ve dreamed of all my life.” For Bob, that job is an official scorer for the Akron RubberDucks minor league baseball team.

[embedded content] This process of discovery, which matches people’s skills, interests and talents with employers’ needs, results in employment that is “customized” for both the jobseeker and the employer, creating a “win-win” relationship. Known as customized employment, thousands of people with disabilities have benefitted from it in the past 22 years following the Supreme Court’s decision in Olmstead v. L.C. This landmark case affirmed the rights of people with disabilities to live and receive services in their communities in the most integrated settings possible.

This includes employment services since working is a key part of community life. Two years later came another major milestone – the establishment of the Office of Disability Employment Policy. Since day one, ODEP has worked to advance the spirit of Olmstead through our work on customized employment, grounded in the belief that everyone can bring value and contribute to an organization through employment. Early on, we implemented multiple rounds of Customized Employment Grants to help states and the workforce development system use this strategy to assist job seekers with disabilities.

We also implemented Workforce Action Grants, also known as Olmstead employment grants, to enable people transitioning out of nursing homes and institutions to seek community-based employment. Based on lessons learned, we then worked with national leaders in the disability employment field to develop numerous resources, including profiles of customized employment in action and a competency model describing the skills needed to provide it effectively. At the heart of customized employment is discovery, an individualized assessment process which helps identify specific skills that an individual can offer employers. To this end, we also developed multiple resources on discovery targeted to different audiences, including youth, adults, veterans and even a self-guided manual, so that some people can take themselves through the process.

In 2014, the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act affirmed the importance of customized employment by defining it, for the first time, in federal law. That year, we also developed three videos on customized employment to help others understand its benefits. Since then, we have collaborated with the Rehabilitation Services Administration to develop their fact sheet, “The Essential Elements of Customized Employment,” which explains how to provide customized employment through the vocational rehabilitation system. And recently we partnered with the Veterans Health Administration to implement targeted trainings for their job development staff, and developed a brief and videos about customized employment (see the first three resources listed on the linked webpage) as a strategy for assisting veterans with disabilities like Bob.

At ODEP, we’re proud to have played a role in advancing customized employment as a strategy to help people, like Bob and so many others, find fulfilling jobs. We also look forward to working with our many partners – including multiple federal agencies whose systems now support this evidence-based policy – over the next 20 years and beyond to further open the door to community life by making sure that customized employment is a tool in the toolbox of employment strategies. Rose Warner is a senior policy advisor in the department’s Office of Disability Employment Policy..

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